Journal of Language, Culture and Education
type: channel
description: The Journal of Language, Culture and Education (JLCE) is a peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary academic journal dedicated to exploring the dynamic intersections of language, cultural practices, and educational processes. The journal aims to provide a forum for the dissemination of cutting-edge research and theoretical perspectives that enhance our understanding of language learning and teaching, cultural exchange and diversity, and the educational practices that shape and are shaped by these elements.
publisher: Zeus Press
language: en
publication name: Journal of Language, Culture and Education
issn: 3006-3205
items: Constructing an Instructional Pathway for Thinking Visualization in Senior High School English Reading Empowered by Generative Artificial Intelligence
items: Beyond Fluency: Human Verification of Safety-Critical Errors in Generative-AI First-Aid Translation
items: The Creation Narratives in the Dunhuang Manuscripts and the Construction of a Sense of Community Among the Chinese Nation: Focusing on The Annals of Emperors Since the Creation of Heaven and Earth
items: Research on Hetero-Cultural Translation Strategies in the Spanish Version of The Three-Body Problem from the Perspective of Cultural Translation Theory
items: Evaluating AI “Understanding” with Cognitive-Psychological Criteria: Evidence, Gaps, and Structural Limits
items: Discourse Decision-Making in Douyin Agricultural Product Live Streaming: An Analysis Based on Signaling Theory and the Hovland Persuasion Model
items: The Influence of Environmental Factors on Adolescents' Coping Styles
items: Research on AI and Human Translation of Longshan Black Pottery Culture-loaded Terms: A Case Study of DeepL
items: Semantic and Communicative Translation in the Subtitle Translation of The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall
items: Research on the Pathways to Enhancing Digital Teaching Competence of Pre-service English Teachers Based on the TPACK Model
items: A Study on the Translation of Energy Science and Technology Texts from the Perspective of Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation
items: Cartoon Characters and Virtual Idols in the Context of Cross-Cultural Communication
items: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Cross-Border E-Commerce Livestream Discourse: A Case Study of Mother’s Day Product-Selection Livestream on Amazon Live
items: A Comparative Study of English Academic Introductions by Chinese and French Scholars: From the Perspective of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
items: Empirical Research on Improving of Validity and Reliability in Educational Assessment Using Cognitive Intelligence Models
items: From “Discipline” to “Enlightenment”: A Study of the Transformation of Drama’s Role in Women’s Education and Its Contemporary Educational Applications
items: A Study on Film Subtitle Translation of Nobody from the Perspective of Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation
items: The Genius Loci of Chinese Shuyuan from the Perspective of Confucian Culture
items: The Development and Recent Changes in Chinese Language Education in Mauritius——A Case Study of Xinhua School
items: Embodied Cognition: Space, Body and Ethical Growth in Emma
items: A Study on the Subtitle Translation of Culture-loaded Words in One Battle After Another from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory
items: A study of the narrative reconstruction in Gladys Yang’s English version of Big Lin and Little Lin
items: An Analysis of Huawei’s Official Website Translation Under the Guidance of Theories of Communicative and Semantic Translation
items: A Review of the Relationships Among Speaking Anxiety, Speaking Self-Efficacy and Speaking Achievement in Chinese EFL learners
items: Cultural Compensation Strategies in Museum Artifact Descriptions from a Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Case Study of the National Museum of China
items: Frequency and Production: The Usage of Feeling Adjectives Among British Children
items: When Content Complexity Meets Language Demand: AI-Mediated Cognitive Decoupling in Bilingual Professional Education
items: Exploring the Practical Pathways of AI-Enabled Courses for English Majors: A Case Study of “Extensive English Reading II”
items: A Study on Film Subtitle Translation for Flipped Based on Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation Theories
items: AI-Empowered Development of English Competence for International Talents: Application Scenarios and Educational Model Innovation

Constructing an Instructional Pathway for Thinking Visualization in Senior High School English Reading Empowered by Generative Artificial Intelligence
type: item
description: Against the background of the deep integration of artificial intelligence technology and education, generative AI provides new technical support for higher-order thinking cultivation and metacognitive training in senior high school English reading instruction. Most of the current research focuses on reading result analysis and static visualization. It lacks dynamic tracking of students' reading and thinking process, and has not yet formed a systematic instructional pathway supported by AI. Based on this, this study takes the senior high school English reading class as the foothold to build the instructional pathway of “data collection - AI-based intelligent analysis - dynamic visualization - emotional support - instructional intervention”, and develops instructional designs in combination with specific texts. This path helps to improve the visualization of students' thinking processes during reading and the ability of metacognitive monitoring, enhance the effectiveness and precision of English reading instruction, and provide reference for the innovation of senior high school English reading instruction supported by artificial intelligence.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: generative artificial intelligence, senior high school English reading, thinking visualization, metacognition, instructional pathway
  topic: keywords
creator: Zihui Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zihui Wang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-29
publication date: 2026-07-29
starting page: 72
ending page: 78
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n4.7278

Beyond Fluency: Human Verification of Safety-Critical Errors in Generative-AI First-Aid Translation
type: item
description: The rapid integration of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) into healthcare communication has introduced machine translation (MT) into time-critical, high-stakes scenarios where limited English proficient (LEP) individuals must act on translated instructions without professional mediation. While GenAI systems produce remarkably fluent outputs, this fluency can mask errors that fatally undermine the communicative purpose of first-aid texts—the skopos of enabling correct life-saving actions. This study identifies and empirically substantiates a previously unnamed phenomenon: the fluency-detectability gap, a class of safety-critical errors that are highly severe yet poorly detectable because they surface as fluent, internally coherent, and plausible target-language text. These errors systematically evade three lines of defense: (i) fluency-oriented automatic quality estimation metrics, (ii) monolingual end-users lacking MT literacy, and (iii) even clinical reviewers who do not understand the target language. Through a mixed-methods product analysis with three-layer triangulation, we examine English-to-Chinese translations of public first-aid materials (CPR, choking, severe bleeding, burns, anaphylaxis, poisoning, and seizures) generated by GPT-4o, DeepL, and Google Translate. Using an adapted MQM (Multidimensional Quality Metrics) framework augmented with a detectability dimension, we demonstrate that professional translators—anchored to the source text and bilingual in situ—consistently intercept critical-yet-invisible errors that automatic metrics and monolingual users fail to detect. We reconceptualize translator verification as a loyalty-based safety intervention [1] rather than mere post-editing, and propose the severity×detectability matrix as a reusable quality-control instrument for safety-critical translation. Our findings challenge fluency-centered evaluation paradigms and advocate for mandatory bilingual human-in-the-loop verification in GenAI-mediat…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: generative AI translation, first-aid translation, safety-critical errors, fluency-detectability gap, MQM, skopos theory, translator as safety firewall, limited English proficiency, human verification
  topic: keywords
creator: Xiao Huang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Xiao Huang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-22
publication date: 2026-07-22
starting page: 23
ending page: 37
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n4.2337

The Creation Narratives in the Dunhuang Manuscripts and the Construction of a Sense of Community Among the Chinese Nation: Focusing on The Annals of Emperors Since the Creation of Heaven and Earth
type: item
description: The Dunhuang Library Cave has unearthed many folk historical manuscripts. The Chronicles of Emperors Since the Creation of Heaven and Earth is one example, and it records a full genealogy from cosmic origins to imperial succession through stories that ordinary people can understand. These texts are key materials for understanding medieval social history and cultural identity in northwestern China. We use four core manuscript copies as primary sources. Then we examine the textual structure and cultural integration, and we also look at how identity is formed in these texts. It is worth noting that folk creation narratives can shape collective identity when multi-ethnic groups converge in region. We find that Dunhuang's folk historical narratives can be traced back to the lineage of Chinese sage-kings. At the same time, they incorporate Buddhist cosmological concepts and Taoist elements, together with regional cultural characteristics of the northwest. This creates a cultural identity model. It combines Central Plains centripetal force with multi-ethnic inclusiveness, and it can sustain the sense of Chinese unity in multicultural context. Historical memory practices in Dunhuang's grassroots society can show that consciousness of Chinese national community has deep historical roots. Its development trajectory and integration mechanisms can offer insights. We can use these to strengthen awareness in contemporary times.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dunhuang manuscripts, imperial chronicles since the creation of heaven and earth, creation myths, sense of community among the Chinese nation, cultural identity, ethnic integration
  topic: keywords
creator: Wenjing Li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Wenjing Li (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-29
publication date: 2026-07-29
starting page: 79
ending page: 89
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n4.7989

Research on Hetero-Cultural Translation Strategies in the Spanish Version of The Three-Body Problem from the Perspective of Cultural Translation Theory
type: item
description: Literary translation involves more than linguistic conversion; it also entails the reconstruction and re-encoding of cultural meanings. From the perspective of cultural translation theory, this study takes Liu Cixin’s original Chinese novel The Three-Body Problem and its Spanish translation El problema de los tres cuerpos by Javier Altayó as the objects of analysis. Drawing on Nida’s framework of cultural classification, culturally embedded elements in the source text are grouped into five categories: ecological, material, social, religious-philosophical, and linguistic. Through a comparative reading of the Chinese and Spanish versions, the paper examines the translator’s shifting strategies among foreignization, domestication, and cultural negotiation. The analysis suggests that the translation does not rely on a single or fixed strategy. When dealing with culture-specific elements that carry strong historical or regional specificity, the translator is more likely to preserve foreignness through transliteration, literal translation, or brief explanatory additions. In contrast, for expressions that may hinder comprehension or lead to cultural misinterpretation, freer rendering, generalization, or contextual adjustment tend to be adopted in order to reduce the cognitive burden on target readers. Overall, the Spanish translation of The Three-Body Problem reveals a flexible negotiation process, in which cultural difference is retained to varying degrees while comprehension is facilitated and narrative flow is maintained. This case offers a useful reference for the Spanish dissemination of Chinese science fiction and more broadly for the cross-cultural transmission of heterogenous cultural elements.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: cultural translation theory, The Three-Body Problem, Spanish translation, hetero-culture, translation strategies, cross-cultural communication
  topic: keywords
creator: Yueyang Zhang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yueyang Zhang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-29
publication date: 2026-07-29
starting page: 63
ending page: 71
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n4.6371

Evaluating AI “Understanding” with Cognitive-Psychological Criteria: Evidence, Gaps, and Structural Limits
type: item
description: With the rapid development of large-scale language models, the performance of artificial intelligence in language understanding and reasoning tasks has become increasingly strong. As a result, many people have gradually regarded the success of tasks as the same as true understanding. However, from the perspective of cognitive psychology, understanding is not merely about giving correct or fluent responses; it is actually an internal psychological process. It includes aspects such as meaning construction, context model update, reasoning generation, and metacognitive regulation. Under such circumstances, this paper systematically studies the cognitive understanding ability of artificial intelligence from the perspective of cognitive psychology. It employs the methods of literature review and qualitative case analysis. First, it clarifies the concept definitions and evaluation criteria of understanding in cognitive psychology by combining classic theories and experimental evidence, and then uses these criteria as the analytical framework. Study the performance of “similar understanding” in contemporary artificial intelligence systems. It was found that although artificial intelligence can approach human understanding at the behavioral level, it has not reached the core cognitive psychological standards. AI lacks experience-based situational models, causal and goal-oriented reasoning mechanisms, and inherent metacognitive monitoring. These limitations are structural, not quantitative issues. It reflects the fundamental difference between artificial intelligence systems and human cognition. This article can help clarify the theoretical distinction between surface manifestations and true understanding, and also provide a cognitive psychology foundation for a more cautious explanation of artificial intelligence capabilities.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, understanding ability
  topic: keywords
creator: Ruo Qin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ruo Qin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-29
publication date: 2026-07-29
starting page: 50
ending page: 62
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n4.5062

Discourse Decision-Making in Douyin Agricultural Product Live Streaming: An Analysis Based on Signaling Theory and the Hovland Persuasion Model
type: item
description: In recent years, Agricultural live-streaming e-commerce on Douyin has developed rapidly, and the industry has differentiated into two typical discourse styles: emotional narrative and quality narrative, but problems such as homogeneous marketing and excessive emotional routines are prominent. This study integrates signaling theory, Hovland's persuasion model, platform rule theory and Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM). It adopts a mixed research design of corpus move coding method and consumer questionnaire survey method to systematically explore the differences in the characteristics of the two types of discourse strategies and the impact mechanism on consumer behavior. Research shows that the dual rules of platform algorithm traffic distribution and fresh free value distribution are the underlying motives of discourse style differentiation: Emotional narrative is a low-threshold replicable weak signal, which f corresponds to the peripheral route of persuasion and drives consumers to buy instantly; The quality narrative is a strong signal with high credibility, which is in line with the central persuasion path and significantly promotes the long-term willingness to repurchase. This research has built an interdisciplinary integrated analysis framework, enriched the relevant theoretical perspectives, and can provide empirical support and practical reference for platform content governance and streamer speech optimization.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: e-commerce, agricultural product live streaming, discourse strategies, consumer behavior, Douyin
  topic: keywords
creator: Xiangting Deng
creator: Zhiping Xie
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Xiangting Deng, Zhiping Xie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-22
publication date: 2026-07-22
starting page: 43
ending page: 49
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n4.4349

The Influence of Environmental Factors on Adolescents' Coping Styles
type: item
description: Adolescents' coping styles have attracted considerable scholarly and societal attention, but there is still a lack of systematic reviews examining the influence of environmental factors on adolescents' coping styles. Based on relevant research literature. This paper reviews the influence of family, school, and social environmental factors, and derives a good family atmosphere, a positive school climate, a healthy teacher-student relationship and peer relationship, a safe campus environment and a well-established social support system, which is conducive to the formation of positive coping strategies for adolescents. On the contrary, it is easy to form a negative way of coping. Based on this, this article puts forward the following suggestions: Parents and schools need to build a harmonious and happy atmosphere and a safe and warm environment. Adolescents should establish good relationships with teachers and classmates. Society and the community should provide corresponding resources for the growth of adolescents, and work together to promote the healthy growth of adolescents.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: adolescents, coping style, environmental factors, family environment, social support
  topic: keywords
creator: Xuhan Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Xuhan Wang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-22
publication date: 2026-07-22
starting page: 38
ending page: 42
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n4.3842

Research on AI and Human Translation of Longshan Black Pottery Culture-loaded Terms: A Case Study of DeepL
type: item
description: As digital technologies advance, artificial intelligence (AI) translation has increasingly been applied to the cross-linguistic dissemination of intangible cultural heritage (ICH). However, when handling culture-loaded terms with profound cultural connotations, AI translation remains prone to semantic deviations and loss of cultural nuance. This study focuses on the culture-loaded terms of Longshan Black Pottery, drawing on a comparative corpus of DeepL and human translations. Drawing on contrastive analysis and case study methods, this study operates within the theoretical framework of ecological translation studies’ three-dimensional transformation, examining translations from three perspectives: semantic accuracy, cultural conveyance, and communicative acceptability. The findings indicate that human translation outperforms AI in conveying cultural connotations and adapting to contextual nuances, while AI translation, although efficient, remains limited in cultural reproduction and contextual understanding. Based on these findings, the study proposes translation optimization strategies-including transliteration compensation, imagery transformation, and explicitation-and puts forward a human-AI collaborative translation model. The results offer empirical insights for improving the English translation of ICH culture-loaded terms and for the optimization of AI translation tools.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Longshan Black Pottery culture, culture-loaded terms, DeepL, AI translation, human translation
  topic: keywords
creator: Jingying Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jingying Wang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-20
publication date: 2026-07-20
starting page: 12
ending page: 22
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n4.1222

Semantic and Communicative Translation in the Subtitle Translation of The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall
type: item
description: This study examines the translated version of The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall, produced by Kamigamisubs, and its translation strategies for the musical subtitles, based on Peter Newmark’s theories of semantic and communicative translation. In the end, the study concludes that the translators apply both semantic and communicative translation strategies flexibly in dealing with culture-specific elements, syntactic structures and emotional expressions. Transcription and literal translation are used for culture-specific elements such as proper names and opera titles in order to preserve the characteristics of the source language. The use of these strategies, such as the expansion and adaptation of imagery, may enhance the comprehension and accessibility of the song lyrics with special rhythmic features and culture-specific expressions for the target audience. The findings imply that the translation of subtitles for musicals should be a balance between the faithfulness of the original work and the comprehension of the audience. Newmark’s translation theory provides an effective analytical framework for this balance, and the findings can offer useful guidance for the translation of similar audiovisual texts.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Phantom of the Opera, subtitle translation in musicals, semantic translation, communicative translation, Newmark’s translation theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Yihan Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yihan Wang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
starting page: 140
ending page: 148
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.140148

Research on the Pathways to Enhancing Digital Teaching Competence of Pre-service English Teachers Based on the TPACK Model
type: item
description: Against the dual backdrop of digital transformation in education and the focus on core literacy in the English subject, digital teaching competence has become one of the core competencies in the professional development of English teachers, directly impacting the improvement of English teaching quality in basic education and the advancement of educational modernization. The TPACK model (Technology Pedagogical Content Knowledge), as a core theoretical framework linking technology, pedagogy and subject content, provides scientific theoretical guidance for the development of digital teaching competence among pre-service English teachers. This paper uses the TPACK model as a guide. It combines two research methods. One is empirical research. The other is interview surveys. The goal is to look at digital teaching competencies in pre-service English teachers. The paper also looks at technological pedagogical beliefs. They help shape how these competencies grow. Then the study suggests three ways to make things better. First, optimize the curriculum system. Second, strengthen practical training. Third, foster technological pedagogical beliefs. Teacher training institutions can use these ideas to improve their talent development programs for English teacher education. They can also help pre-service English teachers build digital literacy.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: TPACK, pre-service English teacher, digital teaching competence, technological pedagogical beliefs
  topic: keywords
creator: Liheng Jiang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Liheng Jiang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-03
publication date: 2026-07-03
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n4.0111

A Study on the Translation of Energy Science and Technology Texts from the Perspective of Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation
type: item
description: From the perspective of Peter Newmark’s semantic translation and communicative translation theories, this paper selects excerpts from Navigating the Energy Maze: The Transition to a Sustainable Future as the research object and conducts a case analysis combined with the stylistic features of energy science and technology texts. Through comparative analysis of translated versions, the study concludes that semantic translation can maximally retain the meanings of energy-specific terminologies and the syntactic structures of the original text, ensuring the professionalism and rigor of translations. Communicative translation, by contrast, complies with the reading habits of Chinese readers and adopts localized lexical conversion to produce more fluent translations. For texts concerning energy transition, translators may flexibly combine these two translation approaches.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: semantic translation, communicative translation, energy science and technology texts, translation strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Tongxin Zhang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tongxin Zhang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 133
ending page: 139
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.133139

Cartoon Characters and Virtual Idols in the Context of Cross-Cultural Communication
type: item
description: Edward T. Hall’s high- and low-context communication theory provides a core framework for analyzing the transmission and adaptation logic of symbols in cross-cultural communication. Taking cartoon characters and modern virtual live streamers as the research subjects, this paper systematically explores the practical logic, influence mechanisms and practical dilemmas of the two types of communication carriers in cross-context scenarios from the dual perspectives of cultural communication and cultural adaptation. The findings indicate that Disney cartoon characters, rooted in low-context cultural traits, achieve adaptation to high-context markets through universal value packaging, localization of cultural symbols and multi-channel IP accumulation. Their adaptation logic has evolved from superficial presentation of cultural symbols in the early stage to in-depth exploration of cultural connotations. Empowered by technology and community co-creation, virtual live streamers realize dynamic adaptation between high and low contexts centering on real-time interaction, and fan communities build cross-cultural communities through three stages: adaptation, identification and consolidation. On this basis, this paper analyzes their cultural adaptation approaches with Disney movie characters and virtual live streamers as research materials, aiming to offer theoretical references for cross-cultural communication practices.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: high- and low-context, virtual live streamers, cultural communication, cultural adaption
  topic: keywords
creator: Delong Chen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Delong Chen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 127
ending page: 132
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.127132

A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Cross-Border E-Commerce Livestream Discourse: A Case Study of Mother’s Day Product-Selection Livestream on Amazon Live
type: item
description: Against the backdrop of global digital transformation and the rapid growth of cross-border e-commerce, English-language livestreaming has become an important channel for reaching international consumers. However, its discourse structure and cross-cultural adaptation remain underexplored. This study takes a Mother’s Day selection livestream on Amazon Live as its corpus and adopts a corpus-based mixed-method approach. Using LCA and L2SCA, it analyzes lexical richness and syntactic complexity and then interprets the findings through Hall’s high- and low-context theory [1]. The findings indicate that the conversation exhibits intermediate lexical sophistication together with significant lexical density and diversity. Short clauses, low subordination, restricted coordination, and condensed noun phrases are its syntactic characteristics. Overall, the livestream discourse follows a low-context cross-cultural communication strategy. This study enriches empirical research on English cross-border e-commerce livestream discourse and offers a linguistic reference for cross-cultural business communication.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: cross-border e-commerce livestream, lexical richness, syntactic complexity, cross-cultural communication
  topic: keywords
creator: Manxue Zhang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Manxue Zhang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 114
ending page: 126
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.114126

A Comparative Study of English Academic Introductions by Chinese and French Scholars: From the Perspective of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
type: item
description: This paper makes a systematic review of Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory, mainly looking at its development track, scope of application, and some limitations in contemporary times. At the same time, the paper also integrates the core findings of academic English writing research on mother tongue transfer, discourse structure, syntactic complexity, word string distribution, stance expression and reporting strategies, focusing on how the cultural dimension affects the rhetorical choice and communicative convention of academic discourse. This study takes the English academic introductions written by Chinese and French scholars as the analysis object, and finds that there are indeed some structural differences between the two countries in the dimensions of power distance, individualism and collectivism, long-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity and femininity, as well as indulgence and restraint. These differences synergistically influence the realization of textual moves, author identity construction, stance-marker preferences, evaluative tendencies in reporting verbs, and the degree of logical explicitness in cohesive mechanisms within introductions. Although existing studies have revealed macro-discourse divergences between Chinese and English-speaking scholars as well as between Chinese and French scholars, an empirically verifiable mapping model between cultural dimension parameters and micro-linguistic features of introductions has yet to be established. Furthermore, there remains a lack of in-depth depiction regarding the intercultural academic writing practices of French scholars.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: second language acquisition, Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions, academic English writing, introduction, Sino-French comparison
  topic: keywords
creator: Qiaochu Lin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Qiaochu Lin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
starting page: 102
ending page: 113
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.102113

Empirical Research on Improving of Validity and Reliability in Educational Assessment Using Cognitive Intelligence Models
type: item
description: Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to explore the application of cognitive intelligence models in educational assessment, focusing on how these models can improve assessment validity, reliability, and feedback effectiveness. The research aimed to evaluate whether AI-powered assessments could better capture student performance, provide personalized feedback, and contribute to more accurate educational evaluations. Methodology: An empirical research design was employed to investigate the impact of cognitive intelligence models on educational assessments. Data were collected from a sample of students using both AI-powered assessments and traditional paper-based exams. The study involved comparing key performance indicators such as assessment validity, reliability, and feedback effectiveness. Statistical analyses, including Cronbach’s alpha for reliability and t-tests for performance comparison, were used to assess the significance of the results. Results: The findings indicated a significant improvement in the validity and reliability of AI-powered assessments. The experimental group using AI assessments scored 85.6% on average, while the control group using traditional exams scored 78.2%, with the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.01). AI assessments demonstrated higher reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92) compared to traditional exams (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.81). Personalized feedback from the AI system was highly rated by students, with 85% reporting it to be actionable and beneficial for improving learning outcomes. Additionally, AI assessments proved effective in predicting future student performance with an accuracy of 87%. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that cognitive intelligence models significantly enhance the quality of educational assessments, providing more valid, reliable, and personalized evaluations. These models offer advantages over traditional assessment methods by adapting to individual student needs and providing r…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: cognitive intelligence models, educational assessment, personalized feedback, AI in education
  topic: keywords
creator: Tingting Li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tingting Li (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
starting page: 91
ending page: 101
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.91101

From “Discipline” to “Enlightenment”: A Study of the Transformation of Drama’s Role in Women’s Education and Its Contemporary Educational Applications
type: item
description: Since its inception, theater has served an educational function, subtly influencing and reshaping audiences’ perceptions through embodied emotional experiences and public viewing mechanisms. Currently, the awakening of feminist consciousness is characterized by “imbalance, othering, and spontaneity,” necessitating a shift from emotional resonance to rational reflection; theater, in this context, serves as a potential vehicle for education. At the same time, as an integral group of characters on the theatrical stage, the evolution of female characters subtly reflects the trajectory of gender norms from traditional to modern times. Therefore, this study, grounded in the educational function of theater, systematically traces the historical evolution of female characters in drama and explores the prospects for applying theater in contemporary women’s education. Employing literature analysis and close textual reading, combined with practical case studies of educational theater, the study identifies three distinct phases in the evolution of drama: from “discipline” to “enlightenment,” and finally to “self-expression.” It concludes that drama serves as an effective educational tool to foster women’s awareness and affirmation of their own identities. The findings indicate that theater has not only undergone a historical transformation from a “tool of discipline” to a “medium of enlightenment,” but can also serve as an educational tool in contemporary women’s education, providing more robust cultural support for the deep-rooted acceptance of gender equality.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: women, discipline, enlightenment, educational theater, gender education
  topic: keywords
creator: Chengyang Yu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chengyang Yu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 82
ending page: 90
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.8290

A Study on Film Subtitle Translation of Nobody from the Perspective of Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation
type: item
description: Against the background of the expanding global outreach of Chinese culture, the international communication of domestic animated films relies heavily on high-quality subtitle translation. Based on semantic translation and communicative translation theories, this paper takes the English subtitles of the Chinese animated film Nobody as the research object, probes into the translation strategies and practical effects of semantic translation, communicative translation and their combined application. It aims to provide practical references for subtitle translation of Chinese animated films and facilitate more effective international communication of such films.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: semantic translation, communicative translation, subtitle translation, Nobody
  topic: keywords
creator: Xiaohan Zhang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Xiaohan Zhang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 74
ending page: 81
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.7481

The Genius Loci of Chinese Shuyuan from the Perspective of Confucian Culture
type: item
description: As the core place for scholars to pursue studies, give lectures, and cultivate themselves in the later period of Chinese feudal society, the genius loci of Shuyuan is rooted in the soil of Confucian culture, presenting a unique character of the symbiosis of ritual order and natural interest, and the integration of moral enlightenment and life freedom. Traditionally, there are usually both garden landscapes and high walls in Shuyuan. The garden symbolizes natural will and life liberation, while the high wall represents humanistic order and behavioral norms. Seemingly opposite, the two are organically unified in the academy space. Taking the site selection, environment construction, architectural regulations, and cultural symbols of Shuyuan as analytical dimensions, this paper reveals how the academy space carries the value pursuit of Confucian self-cultivation, scholarship, and preaching through the construction logic of “residing in a scenic place”, “managing water and planting trees”, “complementing ritual and music”, and “harmony between man and nature”. It also explains how traditional Chinese literati architecture achieves a spiritual balance between ritual constraints and natural affinity, providing a theoretical perspective for understanding the cultural connotation of traditional educational spaces.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: genius loci of Chinese Shuyuan, Confucian culture, garden; high wall, harmony between man and nature
  topic: keywords
creator: Yanhong Fang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yanhong Fang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-21
publication date: 2026-05-21
starting page: 67
ending page: 73
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.6773

The Development and Recent Changes in Chinese Language Education in Mauritius——A Case Study of Xinhua School
type: item
description: With over a century of history, the Mauritius Xinhua School stands as a microcosm of Chinese language education in Africa, witnessing its evolution throughout the decades. Analyzing the school’s history and current status provides insights for advancing Chinese language education among overseas Chinese communities in Africa. Initially operating in the Hakka dialect, the school reached its peak during the 1930s and 1940s amid global conflicts and China’s national rejuvenation efforts. From the 1950s to the 1970s, however, its decline occurred as overseas Chinese shifted from returning to their ancestral roots to establishing new communities. With the growing economic significance of Chinese language proficiency, the school experienced a gradual revival after the 1970s. Today, facing challenges such as scarce educational resources, building a “Chinese Language Education Community” has become a crucial pathway for the development of these century-old institutions.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mauritius, Xinhua School, development of Chinese schools, Chinese language education community
  topic: keywords
creator: Xiaojun Qi
creator: Liguo Gao
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Xiaojun Qi, Liguo Gao (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-21
publication date: 2026-05-21
starting page: 54
ending page: 66
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.5466

Embodied Cognition: Space, Body and Ethical Growth in Emma
type: item
description: Jane Austen’s Emma traces its heroine’s transition from self-centeredness to ethical awareness. Previous studies have been largely confined to discourse analysis and psychological interpretation, with little systematic attention to the relationship between space, the body, and cognition. Based on Embodied Cognition Theory, this paper offers an analysis of the novel through the framework of “space—body—cognition”. The Spatial Discipline of Hartfield Manor shapes Emma’s initial self-centered cognition. Embodied Conflicts such as Mr. Elton’s proposal and her mockery of Miss Bates unsettle her established cognitive system. Shifts in Sensory Experience ultimately drive her toward moral empathy and Ethical Growth. Therefore, Emma’s growth is not just a mental process of self-reflection but also a cognitive change. Austen’s narrative moves from embodied experience to moral cognition, revealing the physical basis of Ethical Growth. This offers a reference for the embodied cognition interpretation of realist novels.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Jane Austen, Emma, embodied cognition, spatial discipline, sensory experience, ethical growth
  topic: keywords
creator: Yulin Qu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yulin Qu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-21
publication date: 2026-05-21
starting page: 45
ending page: 53
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.4553

A Study on the Subtitle Translation of Culture-loaded Words in One Battle After Another from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory
type: item
description: This thesis analyzes the Chinese subtitle translation of culture-loaded words in the film One Battle After Another by applying the theory of Functional Equivalence proposed by Eugene Nida through a case study of material, and it is hoped that this research will contribute to the development of functional equivalence theory. In social, religious and lingusitic domains, the study finds that there are domain specific strategies to select from. The results reveal that the material words strike a balance between technicality and authenticity through explicitation and calque; the social words depend upon transposition and explicitation to achieve functional adaptation; religious terms use calque to maintain the symbolical irony; linguistic words value the emotional effects, using transposition. This paper confirms the validity of Functional Equivalence Theory in AVT and offers guidance on how to translate some media texts that have complicated socio-political background connotations.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Functional Equivalence Theory, culture-loaded words, subtitle translation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ran Jin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ran Jin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-21
publication date: 2026-05-21
starting page: 35
ending page: 44
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.3544

A study of the narrative reconstruction in Gladys Yang’s English version of Big Lin and Little Lin
type: item
description: As an important carrier of cultural communication, Chinese children’s literature has aroused widespread repercussions in the world with its unique narrative and emotional expression. This paper focuses on the narrative reconstruction strategy of Gladys Yang’s English version Big Lin and Little Lin, and explores how it can achieve the effective international dissemination of Chinese children’s literature through the adjustment of narrative perspective, narrative time and narrative discourse. The research conclusion shows that Gladys Yang’s narrative reconstruction strategy not only faithfully conveys the spirit of the original work, but also greatly enhances the international acceptance of the translation. This practice provides valuable experience for the cross-cultural communication of Chinese children’s literature.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Big Lin and Little Lin, Chinese children’s literature, narrative reconstruction, translation
  topic: keywords
creator: Hao Chang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hao Chang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-20
publication date: 2026-05-20
starting page: 25
ending page: 34
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.2534

An Analysis of Huawei’s Official Website Translation Under the Guidance of Theories of Communicative and Semantic Translation
type: item
description: With the rapid development of globalization, more and more enterprises have built official websites, which is an effective way for enterprises to communicate with the outside world and build a brand. As a world-renowned ICT provider, Huawei relies heavily on the quality of its official website translation, which directly affects its international image. This paper takes the “Our Company” column of the official website as the research object, and selects typical texts from it, including company profile, mission and vision, quality policy and so on. Through analysis, it is known that the website of Huawei uses communication translation more frequently, which can achieve the purpose of publicity. This paper provides some reference value for research Chinese enterprises to enhance their international influence.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: communicative translation, semantic translation, Huawei official website, translation strategy
  topic: keywords
creator: Wenjie Xiang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Wenjie Xiang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-12
publication date: 2026-05-12
starting page: 18
ending page: 24
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.1824

A Review of the Relationships Among Speaking Anxiety, Speaking Self-Efficacy and Speaking Achievement in Chinese EFL learners
type: item
description: This paper systematically reviewed studies on the relationships among speaking anxiety, self-efficacy and speaking achievement in Chinese students. Existing research shows that speaking anxiety is generally negatively correlated with speaking achievement, although moderate levels of anxiety can have a facilitative effect; speaking self-efficacy is positively correlated with speaking achievement; speaking anxiety and self-efficacy are negatively correlated and display a bidirectional relationship to some extent. Current studies still face several limitations, including uneven coverage of research participants, relatively limited research methods, insufficient localization of measurement tools, and a lack of in-depth exploration of underlying mechanisms. Based on these findings, this paper summarizes the research limitations and proposes several directions for future studies, aiming to provide insights for subsequent research and teaching practices.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: speaking anxiety, speaking self-efficacy, speaking achievement
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohan Cheng
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohan Cheng (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 10
ending page: 17
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.1017

Cultural Compensation Strategies in Museum Artifact Descriptions from a Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Case Study of the National Museum of China
type: item
description: Bilingual descriptions of museum artifacts serve as an important medium for disseminating Chinese culture to international audiences. Given the widespread presence of cultural defaults and implicit information in Chinese artifact descriptions, purely literal translation often fails to convey their deeper cultural meanings effectively. Drawing on five representative bilingual artifact descriptions from the official website of the National Museum of China as the corpus, this study incorporates Trompenaars’ cultural dimensions theory to examine the cultural compensation strategies employed in the translation process and the differences in cultural value orientations they reflect. The findings indicate that Chinese texts typically presuppose a shared historical and cultural background among readers, exhibiting characteristics of ascription orientation, communitarianism, synchronic time orientation, and inner-directed harmony. English texts, by contrast, make information explicit through transliteration with annotation, background addition, and functional substitution, thereby shifting the expressive logic toward achievement orientation, individualism, sequential time orientation, and outer-directed control. Cultural compensation not only bridges informational gaps in cross-cultural understanding, but also reflects a dynamic adjustment of value orientations, thereby enhancing the international communicative effectiveness of museum discourse.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: cultural compensation, museum translation, Trompenaars’ cultural dimensions, cultural value orientation, cross-cultural communication
  topic: keywords
creator: Junlin Nie
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Junlin Nie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n3.0109

Frequency and Production: The Usage of Feeling Adjectives Among British Children
type: item
description: Studies have shown that input frequency can positively affect children’s vocabulary development. This current study focused on the frequency effect on children’s output of feeling words. Also, this paper has compared previous findings from external ratings with the current result from a corpus study on the basis of the same wordlist. The findings suggested that British children produced the words with higher input frequency more often. At the same time, they used sensory feeling words more frequently, even though these words were less frequent than emotional words in their input. Also, this study found that children did not use high frequency words in a more complex way than words with lower frequency.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: input frequency, feeling words, children’s vocabulary output
  topic: keywords
creator: Duanhui Yuan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Duanhui Yuan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-18
publication date: 2026-04-18
starting page: 118
ending page: 127
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n2.118127

When Content Complexity Meets Language Demand: AI-Mediated Cognitive Decoupling in Bilingual Professional Education
type: item
description: Bilingual professional courses occupy a structurally uncomfortable position in higher education: they demand that learners simultaneously operate at the cognitive frontier of a discipline and produce output in a language that most of them have not yet mastered. Rather than treating this as a sequencing problem to be resolved through curriculum design, this paper argues that the tension is structural and, in its conventional form, irresolvable without a deliberate mechanism that allows the two demands to be addressed independently. Drawing on cognitive load theory, Krashen's affective filter hypothesis, and Swain's output hypothesis, the paper develops the principle of cognitive decoupling, understood as the deliberate design of instructional conditions in which high-order disciplinary reasoning and structured second-language production are no longer required to compete for the same processing resources. It then argues that AI-mediated scaffolding, specifically large-language-model agents capable of differentiated real-time interaction, offers the first technically scalable mechanism through which this principle can be operationalized in resource-constrained teaching environments. Evidence from sustained action research in a bilingual International Business Negotiation course at a provincial Chinese university illustrates how each component of the decoupling framework functions in practice and what boundary conditions constrain its effectiveness. The paper closes with a set of transferable design principles for bilingual professional education in contexts where faculty capacity and student language backgrounds are heterogeneous.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: bilingual higher education, cognitive load theory, affective filter, AI-mediated scaffolding, second-language output, task-based language teaching, professional competence
  topic: keywords
creator: Jinming Zuo
creator: Rui Yan
creator: Jihua Song
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jinming Zuo, Rui Yan, Jihua Song (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
starting page: 108
ending page: 117
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n2.108117

Exploring the Practical Pathways of AI-Enabled Courses for English Majors: A Case Study of “Extensive English Reading II”
type: item
description: Under the backdrop of Educational Informatization 2.0, AI technology provides new support for the reform of teaching and learning, especially in higher education institutions. As a basic course of the discipline, “Extensive English Reading II”, opening for English majors in a practice-oriented university in China, faces issues such as insufficient personalized guidance and weak resource adaptability. However, with AI empowerment, the instructor and also the author of the paper manages to address those problems she identifies in the course in previous teaching experience, and has achieve satisfactory outcomes. This paper aims to show the practical experience of the author in her latest pedagogical experimentation and instructional reform by integrating AI in all links of her teaching, including pre-class preparation, classroom teacing and post-class evaluation. Multifaceted results demonstrate that this pathway effectively addresses the course’s pain points, significantly enhances students’ reading proficiency and AI literacy, and strengthens academic integrity awareness, which will be elaborated in another paper. The practical pathway developed in this study is both actionable and replicable, highlighting the importance of AI tool-assisted positioning and academic integrity guidance. It offers practical reference and insights for intelligent empowerment in similar Extensive English extensive reading courses.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: AI, foreign language curriculum, practical path, “extensive English reading”
  topic: keywords
creator: Tiantian Feng
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tiantian Feng (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 102
ending page: 107
doi: 10.70267/v3n2.102107

A Study on Film Subtitle Translation for Flipped Based on Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation Theories
type: item
description: In today’s world, frequent cultural exchanges among nations have made film a vital vehicle for cultural communication. Consequently, the importance of film subtitle translation has become increasingly prominent. The American film Flipped, with its fresh and warm style, tells an innocent and budding love story between the protagonists, conveying simple, pure, and heartwarming values and insights into personal growth. Based on Newmark’s theories of semantic and communicative translation, this paper finds that the film’s Chinese subtitles flexibly employ methods such as literal translation, free translation, addition, and conversion of parts of speech. These strategies not only effectively convey the original text’s meaning and emotions but also help broaden the film’s reach.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: semantic translation, communicative translation, flipped, film subtitle translation
  topic: keywords
creator: Leyi Wu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Leyi Wu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 96
ending page: 101
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n2.96101

AI-Empowered Development of English Competence for International Talents: Application Scenarios and Educational Model Innovation
type: item
description: The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has significantly reshaped educational systems and learning environments worldwide. In particular, the integration of AI into language education has created new opportunities for improving learning efficiency, enhancing personalized instruction, and facilitating interactive communication environments. In the context of globalization and international talent development, the ability to communicate effectively in English has become an essential competence for participating in global economic, cultural, and technological exchanges. However, traditional language education models often rely on teacher-centered instruction and standardized assessments, which may not fully address the diverse learning needs of students or provide sufficient opportunities for authentic communication practice. This study explores the role of artificial intelligence in empowering the development of English competence for international talents. Drawing upon theories of technology-enhanced learning, intelligent tutoring systems, and global competence development, the paper proposes a conceptual framework that illustrates how AI technologies can support language learning through multiple application scenarios. These scenarios include intelligent language tutoring systems, AI-mediated communication environments, automated language assessment systems, and data-driven learning analytics. Based on these application scenarios, the study further proposes an AI-empowered educational model that integrates artificial intelligence technologies with innovative pedagogical approaches to support the cultivation of international talents. The model emphasizes personalized learning pathways, adaptive instruction, and global communication platforms supported by AI systems. The study contributes to theoretical discussions on AI-supported language education and provides practical insights for cultivating internationally competitive talents in the e…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: artificial intelligence (AI), English competence, international talents
  topic: keywords
creator: Qingling Li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Qingling Li (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 90
ending page: 95
doi: 10.70267/jlce.2026.v3n2.9095