Journal of Language, Culture and Education
The Journal of Language, Culture and Education (JLCE) is a peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary academic journal dedicated to exploring the dynamic intersections of language, cultural practices, and educational processes. The journal aims to provide a forum for the dissemination of cutting-edge research and theoretical perspectives that enhance our understanding of language learning and teaching, cultural exchange and diversity, and the educational practices that shape and are shaped by these elements.
The Digital Education Divide and Educational Inequality: A Systematic Literature Review
This study examines how the digital education divide contributes to educational inequality and identifies strategies for promoting digital equity in contemporary education systems. Using a systematic literature review approach, the study analyses 20 peer-reviewed studies selected from Scopus, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. The review focuses on formal education contexts, including primary, secondary, and higher education. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-informed screening process was adopted, and thematic coding was used to synthesise findings across different national and educational settings. The review finds that the digital education divide is a multidimensional problem that extends beyond unequal access to devices and internet connectivity. It is also shaped by differences in digital literacy, quality of participation, teacher digital competence, institutional support, policy design, and cultural inclusion. These factors interact with wider socioeconomic, regional, linguistic, and cultural inequalities, creating uneven opportunities for students to engage meaningfully in digital learning. The findings further suggest that technology expansion alone cannot reduce educational inequality unless it is supported by inclusive pedagogy, sustained teacher development, equitable infrastructure, and context-sensitive policy interventions. The study concludes that addressing the digital education divide requires a shift from access-based solutions to a broader equity-oriented approach that values meaningful participation, cultural responsiveness, and systemic support. This review contributes to a clearer understanding of the mechanisms through which digital inequality reproduces educational disadvantage and highlights future directions for research, policy, and educational practice.
digital education divide, educational inequality, digital equity, digital literacy, systematic review
Copyright (c) 2026 Yujie Zhang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Study of Two Teaching Methodologies for English Tense Acquisition Among First-Year Junior High School Students
This study examined the effects of two instructional approaches on junior high school students’ acquisition of English tense structures, including the simple present, simple past, and present progressive. Specifically, it compared the effectiveness of form-focused instruction (FFI) with the integration of form-focused instruction and communicative language teaching (FFI+CLT). Participants were 68 seventh-grade students from a private junior high school in northern Taiwan. A six-week quasi-experimental design was employed. Students’ grammatical competence was assessed using a grammaticality completion test and a sentence tense transformation test, and the data were analyzed with SPSS 31.0. The results indicated that students receiving FFI+CLT significantly outperformed those receiving FFI alone on both assessments, demonstrating greater gains in grammatical knowledge and controlled written production of English tense structures. These findings suggest that integrating attention to linguistic form with meaningful communication enhances learners’ grammatical development more effectively than form-focused instruction alone. The study supports the pedagogical value of combining FFI and CLT in English grammar instruction and provides implications for English language teaching and future research.
form-focused instruction, communicative language teaching, grammar instruction, grammatical competence, quasi-experimental study
Copyright (c) 2026 Tzu-hsien Cheng (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Case Study of Intercultural Expression of Digital Exhibitions at the CGCM from a Multimodal Perspective
The Grand Canal of China, as a World Cultural Heritage, serves as a vital carrier for fostering international cultural communication through its digital exhibitions. While the scale of digital exhibitions in Chinese museums continues to expand, prominent issues still exist, including insufficient multilingual resources for international audiences, inadequate adaptation to cultural contexts, and underutilization of multimodal functions. Furthermore, case studies from a multimodal perspective remain scarce. Taking the digital exhibitions at the China Grand Canal Museum as the research subject, this study adopts methods of multimodal discourse analysis, case study and literature review. Six core exhibitions are selected to constructs a Chinese-English parallel research corpus of over 21,000 Chinese characters and their corresponding English translations. The characteristics of intercultural expression are examined from three types of modalities. The findings reveal that the museum reaches a relatively high level of digitalization in China, yet deficiencies remain during the adaptation of English interactions. This paper analyzes the underlying causes and proposes optimization strategies, which not only expand the application scenarios of multimodal theory but also provide practical references for the international communication of Grand Canal culture.
digital exhibition, multimodality, Grand Canal, international communication
Copyright (c) 2026 Chengkai Wang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Meaning Construction in Documentary Subtitle Translation: A Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Amazing China: Stories of Panda
Nature documentaries serve as a crucial medium for showing China’s ecological civilization, and the quality of the subtitle translation directly affects the effectiveness of cross-cultural communication. At present, multimodal discourse analysis has been widely applied to the study of audiovisual subtitle translation. However, research on the subtitle translation of nature documentaries remains scarce. Based on Zhang’s synthetic theoretical framework for multimodal discourse analysis [1], this paper analyzes the subtitle translation of the documentary Amazing China: Stories of Panda from the aspects of culture, context, content, and expression. And it explores its strategies for multimodal meaning construction. The study finds that the translator achieves cross-cultural meaning transfer through the reconstruction of cultural information, constructs meaning through the coordination of multimodal resources. And under the physical constraints of the medium, the translator adopts strategies such as omission to promote cross-cultural communication. This study enriches the multimodal perspective on the subtitle translation of nature documentaries and could serve as a reference for the subtitle translation practice of similar documentaries.
multimodal discourse analysis, subtitle translation, nature documentary, cross-cultural communication
Copyright (c) 2026 Rui Tang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multimodal Discourse Analysis: English Translation and International Communication of Yunnan Frontier Cultural Symbols
Taking visual grammar of multimodal discourse analysis as the core theory, this paper chooses three cross-era Yunnan border cultural symbols: anti-colonial archives, stone monuments and native folk songs. It combines field investigation, annotated thick translation and cross-media effect evaluation as mixed research methods. Analysis proves text-only English translations without audio-visual aids fail to build complete three-layer multimodal meanings, causing severe cultural bias among overseas audiences. Combining translated texts with on-site footage and ethnic audio can fully interpret the history of border ethnic solidarity against foreign invasion. This paper establishes a four-dimensional closed research path of cultural excavation, annotated translation, multimodal creation and effect assessment, and forms a replicable paradigm applicable to southwest frontier texts, facilitating global understanding of China’s pluralistic national development and international dissemination of ethnic unity stories.
multimodal discourse analysis, frontier cultural symbols, thick translation, sense of community for the Chinese nation, cross-cultural translation communication
Copyright (c) 2026 Mengting Geng, Bin Duan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Ideological and Political Education in the Pharmacology Curriculum and Student Growth: A Case Study of Teaching Artemisinin and Ephedrine in the Context of Building a Leading Country in Education
Against the backdrop of the ongoing efforts to build a leading country in education, higher pharmaceutical education is expected not only to impart professional knowledge and cultivate practical skills, but also to assume the educational mission of shaping values and fostering character development. Based on undergraduate studies in the Pharmacology course, this paper reviews two teaching cases—artemisinin and ephedrine—from a student’s perspective. By examining their pharmacological actions, clinical applications, and the history of their discovery and research, we analyze the ideological and political elements embedded in these cases, including cultural confidence, the spirit of scientific inquiry, teamwork, seeking truth from facts, rational drug use, awareness of the rule of law, and social responsibility. Furthermore, drawing on our learning and research training experiences, we reflect on how curriculum-based ideological and political education enhances professional identity, scientific thinking, and a sense of responsibility. On this basis, we propose that ideological and political education in the Pharmacology curriculum should be premised on professional accuracy, delivered through authentic scientific problems and historical materials, and facilitated by student participation and process-oriented assessment, so as to achieve a natural integration of knowledge transmission, ability cultivation, and value guidance.
building a leading country in education, pharmacology, curriculum-based ideological and political education, artemisinin, ephedrine, moral integrity and professional competence
Copyright (c) 2026 Wenshuo Chen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Constructing an Instructional Pathway for Thinking Visualization in Senior High School English Reading Empowered by Generative Artificial Intelligence
Against the background of the deep integration of artificial intelligence technology and education, generative AI provides new technical support for higher-order thinking cultivation and metacognitive training in senior high school English reading instruction. Most of the current research focuses on reading result analysis and static visualization. It lacks dynamic tracking of students' reading and thinking process, and has not yet formed a systematic instructional pathway supported by AI. Based on this, this study takes the senior high school English reading class as the foothold to build the instructional pathway of “data collection - AI-based intelligent analysis - dynamic visualization - emotional support - instructional intervention”, and develops instructional designs in combination with specific texts. This path helps to improve the visualization of students' thinking processes during reading and the ability of metacognitive monitoring, enhance the effectiveness and precision of English reading instruction, and provide reference for the innovation of senior high school English reading instruction supported by artificial intelligence.
generative artificial intelligence, senior high school English reading, thinking visualization, metacognition, instructional pathway
Copyright (c) 2026 Zihui Wang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond Fluency: Human Verification of Safety-Critical Errors in Generative-AI First-Aid Translation
The rapid integration of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) into healthcare communication has introduced machine translation (MT) into time-critical, high-stakes scenarios where limited English proficient (LEP) individuals must act on translated instructions without professional mediation. While GenAI systems produce remarkably fluent outputs, this fluency can mask errors that fatally undermine the communicative purpose of first-aid texts—the skopos of enabling correct life-saving actions. This study identifies and empirically substantiates a previously unnamed phenomenon: the fluency-detectability gap, a class of safety-critical errors that are highly severe yet poorly detectable because they surface as fluent, internally coherent, and plausible target-language text. These errors systematically evade three lines of defense: (i) fluency-oriented automatic quality estimation metrics, (ii) monolingual end-users lacking MT literacy, and (iii) even clinical reviewers who do not understand the target language. Through a mixed-methods product analysis with three-layer triangulation, we examine English-to-Chinese translations of public first-aid materials (CPR, choking, severe bleeding, burns, anaphylaxis, poisoning, and seizures) generated by GPT-4o, DeepL, and Google Translate. Using an adapted MQM (Multidimensional Quality Metrics) framework augmented with a detectability dimension, we demonstrate that professional translators—anchored to the source text and bilingual in situ—consistently intercept critical-yet-invisible errors that automatic metrics and monolingual users fail to detect. We reconceptualize translator verification as a loyalty-based safety intervention [1] rather than mere post-editing, and propose the severity×detectability matrix as a reusable quality-control instrument for safety-critical translation. Our findings challenge fluency-centered evaluation paradigms and advocate for mandatory bilingual human-in-the-loop verification in GenAI-mediated first-aid communication.
generative AI translation, first-aid translation, safety-critical errors, fluency-detectability gap, MQM, skopos theory, translator as safety firewall, limited English proficiency, human verification
Copyright (c) 2026 Xiao Huang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Creation Narratives in the Dunhuang Manuscripts and the Construction of a Sense of Community Among the Chinese Nation: Focusing on The Annals of Emperors Since the Creation of Heaven and Earth
The Dunhuang Library Cave has unearthed many folk historical manuscripts. The Chronicles of Emperors Since the Creation of Heaven and Earth is one example, and it records a full genealogy from cosmic origins to imperial succession through stories that ordinary people can understand. These texts are key materials for understanding medieval social history and cultural identity in northwestern China. We use four core manuscript copies as primary sources. Then we examine the textual structure and cultural integration, and we also look at how identity is formed in these texts. It is worth noting that folk creation narratives can shape collective identity when multi-ethnic groups converge in region. We find that Dunhuang's folk historical narratives can be traced back to the lineage of Chinese sage-kings. At the same time, they incorporate Buddhist cosmological concepts and Taoist elements, together with regional cultural characteristics of the northwest. This creates a cultural identity model. It combines Central Plains centripetal force with multi-ethnic inclusiveness, and it can sustain the sense of Chinese unity in multicultural context. Historical memory practices in Dunhuang's grassroots society can show that consciousness of Chinese national community has deep historical roots. Its development trajectory and integration mechanisms can offer insights. We can use these to strengthen awareness in contemporary times.
Dunhuang manuscripts, imperial chronicles since the creation of heaven and earth, creation myths, sense of community among the Chinese nation, cultural identity, ethnic integration
Copyright (c) 2026 Wenjing Li (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on Hetero-Cultural Translation Strategies in the Spanish Version of The Three-Body Problem from the Perspective of Cultural Translation Theory
Literary translation involves more than linguistic conversion; it also entails the reconstruction and re-encoding of cultural meanings. From the perspective of cultural translation theory, this study takes Liu Cixin’s original Chinese novel The Three-Body Problem and its Spanish translation El problema de los tres cuerpos by Javier Altayó as the objects of analysis. Drawing on Nida’s framework of cultural classification, culturally embedded elements in the source text are grouped into five categories: ecological, material, social, religious-philosophical, and linguistic. Through a comparative reading of the Chinese and Spanish versions, the paper examines the translator’s shifting strategies among foreignization, domestication, and cultural negotiation. The analysis suggests that the translation does not rely on a single or fixed strategy. When dealing with culture-specific elements that carry strong historical or regional specificity, the translator is more likely to preserve foreignness through transliteration, literal translation, or brief explanatory additions. In contrast, for expressions that may hinder comprehension or lead to cultural misinterpretation, freer rendering, generalization, or contextual adjustment tend to be adopted in order to reduce the cognitive burden on target readers. Overall, the Spanish translation of The Three-Body Problem reveals a flexible negotiation process, in which cultural difference is retained to varying degrees while comprehension is facilitated and narrative flow is maintained. This case offers a useful reference for the Spanish dissemination of Chinese science fiction and more broadly for the cross-cultural transmission of heterogenous cultural elements.
cultural translation theory, The Three-Body Problem, Spanish translation, hetero-culture, translation strategies, cross-cultural communication
Copyright (c) 2026 Yueyang Zhang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating AI “Understanding” with Cognitive-Psychological Criteria: Evidence, Gaps, and Structural Limits
With the rapid development of large-scale language models, the performance of artificial intelligence in language understanding and reasoning tasks has become increasingly strong. As a result, many people have gradually regarded the success of tasks as the same as true understanding. However, from the perspective of cognitive psychology, understanding is not merely about giving correct or fluent responses; it is actually an internal psychological process. It includes aspects such as meaning construction, context model update, reasoning generation, and metacognitive regulation. Under such circumstances, this paper systematically studies the cognitive understanding ability of artificial intelligence from the perspective of cognitive psychology. It employs the methods of literature review and qualitative case analysis. First, it clarifies the concept definitions and evaluation criteria of understanding in cognitive psychology by combining classic theories and experimental evidence, and then uses these criteria as the analytical framework. Study the performance of “similar understanding” in contemporary artificial intelligence systems. It was found that although artificial intelligence can approach human understanding at the behavioral level, it has not reached the core cognitive psychological standards. AI lacks experience-based situational models, causal and goal-oriented reasoning mechanisms, and inherent metacognitive monitoring. These limitations are structural, not quantitative issues. It reflects the fundamental difference between artificial intelligence systems and human cognition. This article can help clarify the theoretical distinction between surface manifestations and true understanding, and also provide a cognitive psychology foundation for a more cautious explanation of artificial intelligence capabilities.
cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, understanding ability
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruo Qin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Discourse Decision-Making in Douyin Agricultural Product Live Streaming: An Analysis Based on Signaling Theory and the Hovland Persuasion Model
In recent years, Agricultural live-streaming e-commerce on Douyin has developed rapidly, and the industry has differentiated into two typical discourse styles: emotional narrative and quality narrative, but problems such as homogeneous marketing and excessive emotional routines are prominent. This study integrates signaling theory, Hovland's persuasion model, platform rule theory and Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM). It adopts a mixed research design of corpus move coding method and consumer questionnaire survey method to systematically explore the differences in the characteristics of the two types of discourse strategies and the impact mechanism on consumer behavior. Research shows that the dual rules of platform algorithm traffic distribution and fresh free value distribution are the underlying motives of discourse style differentiation: Emotional narrative is a low-threshold replicable weak signal, which f corresponds to the peripheral route of persuasion and drives consumers to buy instantly; The quality narrative is a strong signal with high credibility, which is in line with the central persuasion path and significantly promotes the long-term willingness to repurchase. This research has built an interdisciplinary integrated analysis framework, enriched the relevant theoretical perspectives, and can provide empirical support and practical reference for platform content governance and streamer speech optimization.
e-commerce, agricultural product live streaming, discourse strategies, consumer behavior, Douyin
Copyright (c) 2026 Xiangting Deng, Zhiping Xie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Environmental Factors on Adolescents' Coping Styles
Adolescents' coping styles have attracted considerable scholarly and societal attention, but there is still a lack of systematic reviews examining the influence of environmental factors on adolescents' coping styles. Based on relevant research literature. This paper reviews the influence of family, school, and social environmental factors, and derives a good family atmosphere, a positive school climate, a healthy teacher-student relationship and peer relationship, a safe campus environment and a well-established social support system, which is conducive to the formation of positive coping strategies for adolescents. On the contrary, it is easy to form a negative way of coping. Based on this, this article puts forward the following suggestions: Parents and schools need to build a harmonious and happy atmosphere and a safe and warm environment. Adolescents should establish good relationships with teachers and classmates. Society and the community should provide corresponding resources for the growth of adolescents, and work together to promote the healthy growth of adolescents.
adolescents, coping style, environmental factors, family environment, social support
Copyright (c) 2026 Xuhan Wang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on AI and Human Translation of Longshan Black Pottery Culture-loaded Terms: A Case Study of DeepL
As digital technologies advance, artificial intelligence (AI) translation has increasingly been applied to the cross-linguistic dissemination of intangible cultural heritage (ICH). However, when handling culture-loaded terms with profound cultural connotations, AI translation remains prone to semantic deviations and loss of cultural nuance. This study focuses on the culture-loaded terms of Longshan Black Pottery, drawing on a comparative corpus of DeepL and human translations. Drawing on contrastive analysis and case study methods, this study operates within the theoretical framework of ecological translation studies’ three-dimensional transformation, examining translations from three perspectives: semantic accuracy, cultural conveyance, and communicative acceptability. The findings indicate that human translation outperforms AI in conveying cultural connotations and adapting to contextual nuances, while AI translation, although efficient, remains limited in cultural reproduction and contextual understanding. Based on these findings, the study proposes translation optimization strategies-including transliteration compensation, imagery transformation, and explicitation-and puts forward a human-AI collaborative translation model. The results offer empirical insights for improving the English translation of ICH culture-loaded terms and for the optimization of AI translation tools.
Longshan Black Pottery culture, culture-loaded terms, DeepL, AI translation, human translation
Copyright (c) 2026 Jingying Wang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Semantic and Communicative Translation in the Subtitle Translation of The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall
This study examines the translated version of The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall, produced by Kamigamisubs, and its translation strategies for the musical subtitles, based on Peter Newmark’s theories of semantic and communicative translation. In the end, the study concludes that the translators apply both semantic and communicative translation strategies flexibly in dealing with culture-specific elements, syntactic structures and emotional expressions. Transcription and literal translation are used for culture-specific elements such as proper names and opera titles in order to preserve the characteristics of the source language. The use of these strategies, such as the expansion and adaptation of imagery, may enhance the comprehension and accessibility of the song lyrics with special rhythmic features and culture-specific expressions for the target audience. The findings imply that the translation of subtitles for musicals should be a balance between the faithfulness of the original work and the comprehension of the audience. Newmark’s translation theory provides an effective analytical framework for this balance, and the findings can offer useful guidance for the translation of similar audiovisual texts.
The Phantom of the Opera, subtitle translation in musicals, semantic translation, communicative translation, Newmark’s translation theory
Copyright (c) 2026 Yihan Wang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on the Pathways to Enhancing Digital Teaching Competence of Pre-service English Teachers Based on the TPACK Model
Against the dual backdrop of digital transformation in education and the focus on core literacy in the English subject, digital teaching competence has become one of the core competencies in the professional development of English teachers, directly impacting the improvement of English teaching quality in basic education and the advancement of educational modernization. The TPACK model (Technology Pedagogical Content Knowledge), as a core theoretical framework linking technology, pedagogy and subject content, provides scientific theoretical guidance for the development of digital teaching competence among pre-service English teachers. This paper uses the TPACK model as a guide. It combines two research methods. One is empirical research. The other is interview surveys. The goal is to look at digital teaching competencies in pre-service English teachers. The paper also looks at technological pedagogical beliefs. They help shape how these competencies grow. Then the study suggests three ways to make things better. First, optimize the curriculum system. Second, strengthen practical training. Third, foster technological pedagogical beliefs. Teacher training institutions can use these ideas to improve their talent development programs for English teacher education. They can also help pre-service English teachers build digital literacy.
TPACK, pre-service English teacher, digital teaching competence, technological pedagogical beliefs
Copyright (c) 2026 Liheng Jiang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study on the Translation of Energy Science and Technology Texts from the Perspective of Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation
From the perspective of Peter Newmark’s semantic translation and communicative translation theories, this paper selects excerpts from Navigating the Energy Maze: The Transition to a Sustainable Future as the research object and conducts a case analysis combined with the stylistic features of energy science and technology texts. Through comparative analysis of translated versions, the study concludes that semantic translation can maximally retain the meanings of energy-specific terminologies and the syntactic structures of the original text, ensuring the professionalism and rigor of translations. Communicative translation, by contrast, complies with the reading habits of Chinese readers and adopts localized lexical conversion to produce more fluent translations. For texts concerning energy transition, translators may flexibly combine these two translation approaches.
semantic translation, communicative translation, energy science and technology texts, translation strategies
Copyright (c) 2026 Tongxin Zhang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cartoon Characters and Virtual Idols in the Context of Cross-Cultural Communication
Edward T. Hall’s high- and low-context communication theory provides a core framework for analyzing the transmission and adaptation logic of symbols in cross-cultural communication. Taking cartoon characters and modern virtual live streamers as the research subjects, this paper systematically explores the practical logic, influence mechanisms and practical dilemmas of the two types of communication carriers in cross-context scenarios from the dual perspectives of cultural communication and cultural adaptation. The findings indicate that Disney cartoon characters, rooted in low-context cultural traits, achieve adaptation to high-context markets through universal value packaging, localization of cultural symbols and multi-channel IP accumulation. Their adaptation logic has evolved from superficial presentation of cultural symbols in the early stage to in-depth exploration of cultural connotations. Empowered by technology and community co-creation, virtual live streamers realize dynamic adaptation between high and low contexts centering on real-time interaction, and fan communities build cross-cultural communities through three stages: adaptation, identification and consolidation. On this basis, this paper analyzes their cultural adaptation approaches with Disney movie characters and virtual live streamers as research materials, aiming to offer theoretical references for cross-cultural communication practices.
high- and low-context, virtual live streamers, cultural communication, cultural adaption
Copyright (c) 2026 Delong Chen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Cross-Border E-Commerce Livestream Discourse: A Case Study of Mother’s Day Product-Selection Livestream on Amazon Live
Against the backdrop of global digital transformation and the rapid growth of cross-border e-commerce, English-language livestreaming has become an important channel for reaching international consumers. However, its discourse structure and cross-cultural adaptation remain underexplored. This study takes a Mother’s Day selection livestream on Amazon Live as its corpus and adopts a corpus-based mixed-method approach. Using LCA and L2SCA, it analyzes lexical richness and syntactic complexity and then interprets the findings through Hall’s high- and low-context theory [1]. The findings indicate that the conversation exhibits intermediate lexical sophistication together with significant lexical density and diversity. Short clauses, low subordination, restricted coordination, and condensed noun phrases are its syntactic characteristics. Overall, the livestream discourse follows a low-context cross-cultural communication strategy. This study enriches empirical research on English cross-border e-commerce livestream discourse and offers a linguistic reference for cross-cultural business communication.
cross-border e-commerce livestream, lexical richness, syntactic complexity, cross-cultural communication
Copyright (c) 2026 Manxue Zhang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Study of English Academic Introductions by Chinese and French Scholars: From the Perspective of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
This paper makes a systematic review of Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory, mainly looking at its development track, scope of application, and some limitations in contemporary times. At the same time, the paper also integrates the core findings of academic English writing research on mother tongue transfer, discourse structure, syntactic complexity, word string distribution, stance expression and reporting strategies, focusing on how the cultural dimension affects the rhetorical choice and communicative convention of academic discourse. This study takes the English academic introductions written by Chinese and French scholars as the analysis object, and finds that there are indeed some structural differences between the two countries in the dimensions of power distance, individualism and collectivism, long-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity and femininity, as well as indulgence and restraint. These differences synergistically influence the realization of textual moves, author identity construction, stance-marker preferences, evaluative tendencies in reporting verbs, and the degree of logical explicitness in cohesive mechanisms within introductions. Although existing studies have revealed macro-discourse divergences between Chinese and English-speaking scholars as well as between Chinese and French scholars, an empirically verifiable mapping model between cultural dimension parameters and micro-linguistic features of introductions has yet to be established. Furthermore, there remains a lack of in-depth depiction regarding the intercultural academic writing practices of French scholars.
second language acquisition, Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions, academic English writing, introduction, Sino-French comparison
Copyright (c) 2026 Qiaochu Lin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Empirical Research on Improving of Validity and Reliability in Educational Assessment Using Cognitive Intelligence Models
Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to explore the application of cognitive intelligence models in educational assessment, focusing on how these models can improve assessment validity, reliability, and feedback effectiveness. The research aimed to evaluate whether AI-powered assessments could better capture student performance, provide personalized feedback, and contribute to more accurate educational evaluations. Methodology: An empirical research design was employed to investigate the impact of cognitive intelligence models on educational assessments. Data were collected from a sample of students using both AI-powered assessments and traditional paper-based exams. The study involved comparing key performance indicators such as assessment validity, reliability, and feedback effectiveness. Statistical analyses, including Cronbach’s alpha for reliability and t-tests for performance comparison, were used to assess the significance of the results. Results: The findings indicated a significant improvement in the validity and reliability of AI-powered assessments. The experimental group using AI assessments scored 85.6% on average, while the control group using traditional exams scored 78.2%, with the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.01). AI assessments demonstrated higher reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92) compared to traditional exams (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.81). Personalized feedback from the AI system was highly rated by students, with 85% reporting it to be actionable and beneficial for improving learning outcomes. Additionally, AI assessments proved effective in predicting future student performance with an accuracy of 87%. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that cognitive intelligence models significantly enhance the quality of educational assessments, providing more valid, reliable, and personalized evaluations. These models offer advantages over traditional assessment methods by adapting to individual student needs and providing real-time, actionable feedback. Despite the potential benefits, challenges related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the role of human educators must be addressed to ensure the ethical and effective implementation of AI in educational settings.
cognitive intelligence models, educational assessment, personalized feedback, AI in education
Copyright (c) 2026 Tingting Li (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From “Discipline” to “Enlightenment”: A Study of the Transformation of Drama’s Role in Women’s Education and Its Contemporary Educational Applications
Since its inception, theater has served an educational function, subtly influencing and reshaping audiences’ perceptions through embodied emotional experiences and public viewing mechanisms. Currently, the awakening of feminist consciousness is characterized by “imbalance, othering, and spontaneity,” necessitating a shift from emotional resonance to rational reflection; theater, in this context, serves as a potential vehicle for education. At the same time, as an integral group of characters on the theatrical stage, the evolution of female characters subtly reflects the trajectory of gender norms from traditional to modern times. Therefore, this study, grounded in the educational function of theater, systematically traces the historical evolution of female characters in drama and explores the prospects for applying theater in contemporary women’s education. Employing literature analysis and close textual reading, combined with practical case studies of educational theater, the study identifies three distinct phases in the evolution of drama: from “discipline” to “enlightenment,” and finally to “self-expression.” It concludes that drama serves as an effective educational tool to foster women’s awareness and affirmation of their own identities. The findings indicate that theater has not only undergone a historical transformation from a “tool of discipline” to a “medium of enlightenment,” but can also serve as an educational tool in contemporary women’s education, providing more robust cultural support for the deep-rooted acceptance of gender equality.
women, discipline, enlightenment, educational theater, gender education
Copyright (c) 2026 Chengyang Yu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study on Film Subtitle Translation of Nobody from the Perspective of Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation
Against the background of the expanding global outreach of Chinese culture, the international communication of domestic animated films relies heavily on high-quality subtitle translation. Based on semantic translation and communicative translation theories, this paper takes the English subtitles of the Chinese animated film Nobody as the research object, probes into the translation strategies and practical effects of semantic translation, communicative translation and their combined application. It aims to provide practical references for subtitle translation of Chinese animated films and facilitate more effective international communication of such films.
semantic translation, communicative translation, subtitle translation, Nobody
Copyright (c) 2026 Xiaohan Zhang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Genius Loci of Chinese Shuyuan from the Perspective of Confucian Culture
As the core place for scholars to pursue studies, give lectures, and cultivate themselves in the later period of Chinese feudal society, the genius loci of Shuyuan is rooted in the soil of Confucian culture, presenting a unique character of the symbiosis of ritual order and natural interest, and the integration of moral enlightenment and life freedom. Traditionally, there are usually both garden landscapes and high walls in Shuyuan. The garden symbolizes natural will and life liberation, while the high wall represents humanistic order and behavioral norms. Seemingly opposite, the two are organically unified in the academy space. Taking the site selection, environment construction, architectural regulations, and cultural symbols of Shuyuan as analytical dimensions, this paper reveals how the academy space carries the value pursuit of Confucian self-cultivation, scholarship, and preaching through the construction logic of “residing in a scenic place”, “managing water and planting trees”, “complementing ritual and music”, and “harmony between man and nature”. It also explains how traditional Chinese literati architecture achieves a spiritual balance between ritual constraints and natural affinity, providing a theoretical perspective for understanding the cultural connotation of traditional educational spaces.
genius loci of Chinese Shuyuan, Confucian culture, garden; high wall, harmony between man and nature
Copyright (c) 2026 Yanhong Fang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Development and Recent Changes in Chinese Language Education in Mauritius——A Case Study of Xinhua School
With over a century of history, the Mauritius Xinhua School stands as a microcosm of Chinese language education in Africa, witnessing its evolution throughout the decades. Analyzing the school’s history and current status provides insights for advancing Chinese language education among overseas Chinese communities in Africa. Initially operating in the Hakka dialect, the school reached its peak during the 1930s and 1940s amid global conflicts and China’s national rejuvenation efforts. From the 1950s to the 1970s, however, its decline occurred as overseas Chinese shifted from returning to their ancestral roots to establishing new communities. With the growing economic significance of Chinese language proficiency, the school experienced a gradual revival after the 1970s. Today, facing challenges such as scarce educational resources, building a “Chinese Language Education Community” has become a crucial pathway for the development of these century-old institutions.
Mauritius, Xinhua School, development of Chinese schools, Chinese language education community
Copyright (c) 2026 Xiaojun Qi, Liguo Gao (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Embodied Cognition: Space, Body and Ethical Growth in Emma
Jane Austen’s Emma traces its heroine’s transition from self-centeredness to ethical awareness. Previous studies have been largely confined to discourse analysis and psychological interpretation, with little systematic attention to the relationship between space, the body, and cognition. Based on Embodied Cognition Theory, this paper offers an analysis of the novel through the framework of “space—body—cognition”. The Spatial Discipline of Hartfield Manor shapes Emma’s initial self-centered cognition. Embodied Conflicts such as Mr. Elton’s proposal and her mockery of Miss Bates unsettle her established cognitive system. Shifts in Sensory Experience ultimately drive her toward moral empathy and Ethical Growth. Therefore, Emma’s growth is not just a mental process of self-reflection but also a cognitive change. Austen’s narrative moves from embodied experience to moral cognition, revealing the physical basis of Ethical Growth. This offers a reference for the embodied cognition interpretation of realist novels.
Jane Austen, Emma, embodied cognition, spatial discipline, sensory experience, ethical growth
Copyright (c) 2026 Yulin Qu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study on the Subtitle Translation of Culture-loaded Words in One Battle After Another from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory
This thesis analyzes the Chinese subtitle translation of culture-loaded words in the film One Battle After Another by applying the theory of Functional Equivalence proposed by Eugene Nida through a case study of material, and it is hoped that this research will contribute to the development of functional equivalence theory. In social, religious and lingusitic domains, the study finds that there are domain specific strategies to select from. The results reveal that the material words strike a balance between technicality and authenticity through explicitation and calque; the social words depend upon transposition and explicitation to achieve functional adaptation; religious terms use calque to maintain the symbolical irony; linguistic words value the emotional effects, using transposition. This paper confirms the validity of Functional Equivalence Theory in AVT and offers guidance on how to translate some media texts that have complicated socio-political background connotations.
Functional Equivalence Theory, culture-loaded words, subtitle translation
Copyright (c) 2026 Ran Jin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A study of the narrative reconstruction in Gladys Yang’s English version of Big Lin and Little Lin
As an important carrier of cultural communication, Chinese children’s literature has aroused widespread repercussions in the world with its unique narrative and emotional expression. This paper focuses on the narrative reconstruction strategy of Gladys Yang’s English version Big Lin and Little Lin, and explores how it can achieve the effective international dissemination of Chinese children’s literature through the adjustment of narrative perspective, narrative time and narrative discourse. The research conclusion shows that Gladys Yang’s narrative reconstruction strategy not only faithfully conveys the spirit of the original work, but also greatly enhances the international acceptance of the translation. This practice provides valuable experience for the cross-cultural communication of Chinese children’s literature.
Big Lin and Little Lin, Chinese children’s literature, narrative reconstruction, translation
Copyright (c) 2026 Hao Chang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analysis of Huawei’s Official Website Translation Under the Guidance of Theories of Communicative and Semantic Translation
With the rapid development of globalization, more and more enterprises have built official websites, which is an effective way for enterprises to communicate with the outside world and build a brand. As a world-renowned ICT provider, Huawei relies heavily on the quality of its official website translation, which directly affects its international image. This paper takes the “Our Company” column of the official website as the research object, and selects typical texts from it, including company profile, mission and vision, quality policy and so on. Through analysis, it is known that the website of Huawei uses communication translation more frequently, which can achieve the purpose of publicity. This paper provides some reference value for research Chinese enterprises to enhance their international influence.
communicative translation, semantic translation, Huawei official website, translation strategy
Copyright (c) 2026 Wenjie Xiang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review of the Relationships Among Speaking Anxiety, Speaking Self-Efficacy and Speaking Achievement in Chinese EFL learners
This paper systematically reviewed studies on the relationships among speaking anxiety, self-efficacy and speaking achievement in Chinese students. Existing research shows that speaking anxiety is generally negatively correlated with speaking achievement, although moderate levels of anxiety can have a facilitative effect; speaking self-efficacy is positively correlated with speaking achievement; speaking anxiety and self-efficacy are negatively correlated and display a bidirectional relationship to some extent. Current studies still face several limitations, including uneven coverage of research participants, relatively limited research methods, insufficient localization of measurement tools, and a lack of in-depth exploration of underlying mechanisms. Based on these findings, this paper summarizes the research limitations and proposes several directions for future studies, aiming to provide insights for subsequent research and teaching practices.
speaking anxiety, speaking self-efficacy, speaking achievement
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohan Cheng (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0